Problematics and Solutions of Attitude Evaluation Students' Religiousness in PAI Learning: A Study Literature with a Qualitative Approach

Abstract

This study aims to identify problems and solutions in evaluating students' religious attitudes in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning through a qualitative approach based on literature studies.

The research method involves a systematic analysis of 25 literature sources (journals, books, and research reports) published in 2015–2024 using content analysis and theoretical triangulation techniques. The findings indicate three main problems: (1) the invalidity of the evaluation instrument due to abstract indicators and teacher subjectivity, (2) minimal teacher training in assessing the affective dimension, and (3) the dominance of an administrative approach that ignores the actual context. The solutions offered include the development of instruments based on the Krathwohl framework, authentic approaches (eg, portfolios and reflection journals), and multi-party collaboration (teachers, parents, and the school environment). The qualitative approach contributes to understanding the complexity of the internalization of religious values through holistic and interpretive methods. The conclusions of the study emphasize the need for a reorientation of the evaluation of religious attitudes that is more contextual, collaborative, and sustainable.